In order to structure collaboration between two research teams or laboratories (one in France and the other abroad) that already have joint publications, the creation of an International Associated Laboratory (LIA), a “laboratory without walls”, can be requested. The relationship between the two partners is formalized through a contract signed by the heads of both organizations, with provisions covering issues such as intellectual property rights. Human and material resources are pooled to carry out the project. Teams or laboratories associated through an LIA retain their separate autonomy, status, Director and location. The LIA activities are coordinated by two co-principal investigators and by a scientific steering committee.